The tuberculous infection of the pituitary gland and sellar region is characterized by the presence of an acute or chronic inflammatory reaction and may occur in the absence of systemic tuberculosis. On the basis of the hypothesis that the biochemical environment depends on the infecting organism and might be different in tuberculous compared with pyogenic brain abscesses, this study attempted to determine. High quality ct and mri scans show multiple typical and distinguishing images for each entity. Role of advanced diagnostic imaging in intracranial tuberculoma.
Initial in vivo brain spectroscopy studies were done in the. There is no specific ct finding for tuberculomas 9 whereas mri may give more specific information 3. Three children with late infantile ncl and six age. Mr spectroscopy in tuberculoma of brain bmj case reports. The technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy usually shortened to mr spectroscopy or mrs allows tissue to be interrogated for the presence and concentration of various metabolites. The lesion may be actually a glioma mimicking a tuberculoma. Magnetic resonance perfusion and spectroscopy in a giant. Brain imaging with ct and mri presents over 180 disease processes and normal variants, grouping entities by these basic patterns to accentuate differential diagnostic features. A 17yearold girl presented with headache, vomiting, altered sensorium and vision loss. Ct scan and mri in diagnosis of tuberculosis of brain and spine international archives of integrated medicine, vol. Mri study has been used in the diagnosis of tuberculoma in the brain, brainstem 2 and spinal cord, but mri features of tuberculosis tb abscesses are nonspecific and may mimic abscesses of other infectious aetiology. If mri is also inconclusive, a stereotaxic or excision biopsy is mandatory.
Similarly, in atypical imaging presentation advance mr imaging such as diffusion imaging, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques are important for better tissue characterization as described above. Magnetic resonance imaging mri of the liver has evolved into a powerful imaging modality for the detection and characterization of focal liver pathology. Mr spectroscopy medical specialties clinical medicine. Axial enhanced ct scan of brain, showing three enhancing lesions in pons. Ependymoma misdiagnosed as tuberculoma, misguided by. Role of mri in evaluation of ring enhancing lesions in brain. A history of neuroimaging in epilepsy 19092009 shorvon. It is an unusual presentation of tuberculoma, as only few similar cases have been reported previously. Jan 09, 2004 we present a patient with a giant cerebellar tuberculoma which mri led us to believe was a vascular, malignant tumour. Pdf magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiation of. Leonard, in aminoffs neurology and general medicine fifth edition, 2014. Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance findings in.
Metabolic mapping includes use of mri and mr spectroscopy in differentiating various ring enhancing lesions like abscess, tumour like glioblastoma multiformae, tuberculoma, radiation necrosis and metastasis. Sellar tuberculomas are extremely rare lesions with nonspecific clinical manifestations. Google scholar 63 cerejo a, vaz r, feyo pb, cruz c. We describe three cases of cerebral tuberculoma in aids patients and discuss diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic issues, with emphasis in the distinction from cerebral tuberculous abscesses. Giant cerebellar tuberculoma mimicking a malignant tumour. Magnetic resonance imaging mri of the brain revealed a lobulated t2weighted hypointense mass lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere with adjacent vasogenic edema causing mass effect on the fourth ventricle with resultant supratentorial hydrocephalus and periventricular.
The mri signal characteristics of intracranial tuberculoma are extremely diverse. The puzzle of choline and lipid peak on spectroscopy sciencedirect. Oct, 2014 1h mr spectroscopy of tuberculoma on mri, a tuberculomas appearance varies depending upon its stage of maturation, i. T2weighted magnetic resonance image of a patient with a tuberculoma in the right parietal lobe. Radiology, university hospital antwerp uza, antwerp, belgium.
A clinical study to identify the possible etiology of complex. Mri not only identifies specific epileptogenic substrates, but also determines the specific treatment and predicts prognosis and should be the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of cps. Clinical application of mr spectroscopy in identifying biochemical. Multiple brain tuberculomas and role of open brain biopsy. We highlight the need to integrate different imaging. Diffusionweighted imaging dwi is a form of mr imaging based upon measuring the random brownian motion of water molecules within a voxel of tissue.
Cns tuberculosis various common forms include tuberculous meningitis, tuberculoma, calcified tubercular granuloma, abscesses, and in spine osseous involvement is more common than non osseous spinal cord and spinal meningeal involvement. Full text of brain imaging with mri and ct pdf united vrg see other formats. Purposethe diagnosis of intracranial tuberculomas is often challenging. Intracranial tuberculous granuloma radiology reference. Plain as well as contrast ct studies were carried out. This type of lesion is rare 2 cm in size, has a lowdensity centre with ring enhancement and on mri is of low signal on t1 and high signal on t2. Brain tuberculomas, tubercular meningitis, and post. Two cases case 3 and case 10 required mild sedation for mri study. Cerebral tuberculoma mimics brain tumor, both clinically and radiographically. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neurocysticercosis, ringenhancing lesion, tuberculoma.
Full text of brain imaging with mri and ct pdf united vrg. Magnetic resonance imaging mri findings are usually nonspecific and differentiation from malignant lesions is very difficult, particularly in the absence of tb in other parts of the body such as the lungs or lymph nodes. The differential diagnosis includes pituitary tuberculoma, especially in developing countries and in immumocompromised patients. Part 1, techniques and normal agerelated appearances lubdha m. Trainee and practising radiologists will find brain imaging with ct and mri an invaluable and clinically relevant tool for learning and teaching. Humera ahsan department of radiology aga khan university hospital. Extraaxial tuberculoma mimicking meningioma although both ct and mri can demonstrate these findings but mri detects it much earlier. Sir, a 24yearold man presented with repeated episodes of giddiness of four days duration. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging mri magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs, also known as nuclear magnetic resonance nmr spectroscopy, is a noninvasive, ionizingradiationfree analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes. Hematological and biochemical examination results were. Tuberculoma definition of tuberculoma by medical dictionary.
Role of mri in evaluation of ring enhancing lesions in brain in correlation with mr spectroscopy. We report a case that had an intramedullary spinal cord tuberculomas in which the diagnosis was made histologically, without evidence of symptoms of systemic tuberculosis. The epidemiology of patients with tuberculomas is the same as that of other cns. Etiology of complex partial seizures, hippocampal sclerosis, magnetic resonance imaging brain, neurocysticercosis, neuroinfections, tuberculoma. Mri study has been used in the diagnosis of tuberculoma in the brain, brainstem 2 and spinal cord, but mri features of tuberculosis tb abscesses are nonspecifi c and may mimic abscesses of. Feb 07, 2015 mr spectroscopy is conducted on the same machine as conventional mri.
The alternative to a tuberculoma is a tuberculous abscess. Spectrum of mr imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis. Mri techniques continued to evolve during the 1990s and profoundly influenced many aspects of epilepsy clinical practice. On the basis of the hypothesis that the biochemical environment depends on the infecting organism and might be different in tuberculous compared with pyogenic brain abscesses, this study attempted to determine whether pyogenic brain abscesses can be. We present a patient with a giant cerebellar tuberculoma which mri led us to believe was a vascular, malignant tumour. Mri contrast enhanced t1w images showing enhancing basal exudates with hydrocephalus.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs identified a lipid peak in all the lesions fig 1 and a diagnosis of tuberculoma was considered. In patients in whom neuroimaging is not characteristic it may be difficult to differentiate between the two. Centrally located, active lesions may reach considerable size without producing signs of. Magnetic resonance findings in sellar and suprasellar. Diffusionweighted mr imaging of the brain radiology. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pituitary tuberculoma saini k s, patel a l, shaikh w a, magar l n, pungaonkar s a abstract magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs is a new, noninvasive method of diagnosing a lesion in cases where magnetic resonance mr imaging cannot reliably differentiate between two or more possible aetiologies. The diagnosis is confirmed by testing hormone levels, and by radiographic imaging of the pituitary for example, by ct scan or mri. Mr imaging features are nonspecific with respect to the causative organism for patients with brain abscesses. Proton spectroscopy is easier to perform and provides much higher signaltonoise than either sodium or phosphorus.
A 40yearold female patient presented with a 1month history of persistent headache and blurred vision on the left side. Neurocysticercosis ncc vs central nervous system cns. In addition, the magnetic resonance imaging mri features of tb abscesses are nonspecific and may mimic abscesses of other infectious etiology. Mr spectroscopy in tuberculoma of brain request pdf. Four patients had aids and among the four nonaids patients 1 had undergone hepatic transplantation. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy a new ray of hope article pdf available january 2015 with 97 reads how we measure reads. In tbendemic regions, primary pulmonary tb often begins early in childhood with the inhalation of the tubercle bacillus raviglione and obrien 2005. Arora introduction mr spectroscopy provides a measure of brain chemistry. Diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging of acute focal cerebral ischemia. Mri and proton spectroscopy in children with late infantile neuronal ceroid. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been suggested as a method to distinguish tuberculomas from cysticercosis.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs provides additional biochemical information that can be useful. Grossman and yousem said if you need this to help you, go back to page 1. All the cases were studied with ct and 6 underwent mri. Mri was done with t1w, t2w, t2w flairand t1w contrast studies mr spectroscopy was. Proceedings of the xiv symposium neuroradiologicum london. Spinal cord hemangioblastoma with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Though these lesions are seen at any level of cord, the thoracic cord is the most commonly involved segment. Etiological confirmation is frequently made either by demonstration of acidfast bacilli in a pathology specimen or histological evidence of epithelioidgiant cell granulomas with caseous necrotic material. In general simplified terms, highly cellular tissues or those with cellular swelling exhibit low. Paraffin section with hematoxylin and eosin stain showing marked nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic figures. Identification of diffuse and focal brain lesions by clinical magnetic. Diffusion weighted imaging radiology reference article.
Angiography revealed the mass to be relatively avascular, but also showed marked narrowing of the posterior circulation vessels, suggesting arteritis. Mri of the brain revealed ring enhancing sellar lesions with other enhancing lesions and leptomeningeal enhancement. In addition to the three books and the paper mentioned above, it is worth. In mr spectroscopy mrs, neuro metabolite naa is considered as a. The most common nuclei that are used are 1h proton, 23na sodium, 31p phosphorus. The main challenge in the management of brain tuberculoma is its diagnosis.
Magnetic resonance imaging mri can be helpful for diagnosing imt at an early stage and it is also very useful in followup. Magnetic resonance imaging in stroke radiology imaging. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pituitary tuberculoma. Multivoxel mr spectroscopic imagingdistinguishing intracranial tumors from nonneoplastic. Journal of pediatric neurology volume 5, issue 3 journals. Differentiation of tubercular infection and metastasis. This imagefocused book emphasises the most pertinent clinical information relevant to the diagnostic process. Cerebral tuberculoma is a disease of young adults below 30 yearsold and sex distribution is equal 2.
Raman spectroscopy provides a powerful, rapid diagnostic. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in differentiation of. It will appeal to a broad readership including stroke physicians, neurologists, neurosurgeons, rehabilitation specialists, and others with a clinical or research interest in cerebrovascular disease. Shah1 and rona woldenberg1,2 1department of radiology, north shore university hospital, 300 community drive, manhasset, ny 11030, usa. Imt has an incidence of 2 cases per 2000 cases of central nervous system tuberculosis. A tuberculoma is a clinical manifestation of tuberculosis which conglomerates tubercles into a firm lump, and so can mimic cancer tumors of many types in medical imaging studies. Shah1 and rona woldenberg1,2 1department of radiology, north shore university hospital, 300 community drive, manhasset, ny 11030, usa 2department of radiology, new york university school of medicine, new york, ny, usa received 18 august. The main aim was to avoid radiation exposure wherever it was possible especially in female children. Tuberculomas are conglomerate caseous foci within the substance of the brain that develop from deepseated tubercles acquired during a recent or remote period of bacillemia. We present a case of an unusual masslike giant extraaxial tuberculoma during pregnancy.
Tuberculomas involving the cns are not uncommon in developing countries. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging mri techniques such as diffusion, perfusion and mr spectroscopy mrs may be used for this. The focal forms of cns tuberculosis are infrequently described and they are divided into tuberculoma and abscess 4. Case report clinical presentation and magnetic resonance. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs of the brain can. Biopsy of the lesion was reported as consistent with tuberculoma. Sellar tuberculoma with hemorrhage is even more rare. Intramedullary tuberculoma imt is a rare form of spinal tuberculosis. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs is a means of noninvasive physiologic imaging of the brain that measures relative levels of various tissue metabolites purcell and bloch 1952 first detected nmr signals from magnetic dipoles of nuclei when placed in an external magnetic field. Mr spectroscopy free download as powerpoint presentation. In an endemic area, cerebral tuberculomas have to be considered as. Spinal cord compression can be due to various causes but spinal intramedullary tuberculoma is a rare cause.
It commonly causes meningitis and parenchymal tuberculomas. Mri study has been used in the diagnosis of tuberculoma in the brain, brainstem 2 and spinal cord, but mri features of tuberculosis tb abscesses are. Estimation of role of ct scan and mri in diagnosis of. Our purpose is to describe the most common metabolic patterns of tuberculomas by mr spectroscopy mrs with emphasis on potential specific markers. The patient often presents with seizures of recent onset. Gadoliniumdtpaenhanced mri and positron emission tomography of stereotactic laserinduced interstitial thermal therapy in cerebral gliomas pages 3739 bettag, dr.
Difference between ncc and tuberculoma in ct brain visualization of scolex by mri or as eccentric dot on ct is characteristic of ncc. A noncaseating granuloma is hyperintense on t2 and hypointense on t1 and. Neuroimaging is even more important for those patients who have medically intractable seizures. Advances in technology to localize epileptogenic focus, especially with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging mri, have substantially improved the success of surgical treatment. Sagittal t1weithed mri scans with gadolinium showing multiple ring enhancing lesions. However, as lipid peaks are described in both these lesions, mrs may not be helpful 2 nagar v. Mr spectroscopy is conducted on the same machine as conventional mri. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy linkedin slideshare. Computerized tomographic ct scanning was introduced in 1971, and magnetic resonance imaging mri a decade or so later, and both these technologies had an immediate and far. Proton mrs can be performed within 1015 minutes and. Mri spectroscopy for md radiodiagnosis and imaging for academic purposes only. Mri spectroscopy and diffusionweighted imaging may be helpful in making the diagnosis. The activity of a tuberculoma may be judged by the degree of contrast enhancement on followup ct or mri studies. However, as in our case, a glioma masquerades as a tuberculoma, valuable time would have been lost with anti tubercular drugs.
Mri has inherent sensitivity and capability to detect ring enhancing lesions. Primary tb is due to firsttime exposure to mycobacterium bacilli. Differentiation of tuberculous from pyogenic brain. Intracranial tuberculous granulomas, also known as cns tuberculomas, are common in endemic areas and may occur either in isolation or along with tuberculous meningitis. Spinal cord compression due to primary intramedullary. The socalled target sign with a central nidus of calcification surrounded by a ring of enhancement was once thought to be diagnostic of a tuberculoma, but is now known to be quite non specific. While the mri uses signals from hydrogen protons to form anatomic images, the proton mrs uses this information to determine the concentration of brain metabolites such as nacetyl aspartate naa, choline cho, creatine cr, and lactate in the tissue.
The imaging appearance of tuberculoma on mri depends on the stage of the tuberculoma. Tuberculosis is common in the developing world and in developed nations secondary to increasing immunocompromise in the population. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging mri magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs, also known as nuclear magnetic resonance nmr spectroscopy, is a noninvasive, ionizingradiationfree analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes, seizure disorders, alzheimers. Spectroscopy is a series of tests that are added to the mri scan of brain or spine to measure the chemical metabolism of a suspected lesion. Mrs may increase specificity of diagnosis by identifying lipids within the lesions that are considered characteristic for tb. We report two cases of ringenhanced intracranial tuberculoma in which magnetic resonance mr proton spectroscopy and diffusionweighted dw imaging were useful in the differential diagnosis. The authors feel, it is prudent to get a mrimri spectroscopy done in a mass lesion. Eight patients 6 males and 2 females with intracranial tuberculomas studied over the past 4 years are presented. Difference between ncc and tuberculoma in ct brain. An isointense or hypointense core with a hyperintense rim on t2weighted and flair images is the most common. There are several different metabolites, or products of metabolism, that can be measured to differentiate between tumor types. Aim of the study was to characterize findings on magnetic resonance imaging mri and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1 hmrs in children with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ncl and the relationship between these results and duration of the disorder. Mri study has been used in the diagnosis of tuberculoma in the brain, brainstem2 and spinal cord, but mri features of tuberculosis tb abscesses are nonspecific and may mimic abscesses of other infectious aetiology.
This is perhaps a little harsh, however, it is fair to say that mrs. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy linkedin slideshare. The appearances of intracranial tuberculoma on ct and mri are described. Mr spectroscopy mrs helps to differentiate tuberculoma from other infective granulomas. We present magnetic resonance mr findings in case of sellar and suprasellar tuberculoma with hemorrhage. Most of these lesions are intracranial, with the ratio of cranial and spinal lesions averaging 30. Role of mri and mr spectroscopy in the evaluation of ring. Mri signal intensity correlation with histopathology and localized proton spectroscopy.
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